As one of the weaknesses of the theory that applying it is time-consuming, applying the model to emergencies requiring quick action is difficult to complete, the individual might have completed the whole adaptation process without the benefit of having a complete assessment for thorough nursing interventions.
Adaptation is a biological concept and is the basis for the fundamental concept of homeostasis which is widely used in the study of biology. Adaptation relates to the way an individual responds to changes in the environment whereas homeostasis is concerned with the internal environment. It is important at the outset to be clear about the importance of adaptation and how, using this concept, Sister Callista Roy had developed her model which is designed, as with all conceptual models in nursing, to guide its practice.
The Roy Adaptation Model (3rd Edition) book pdf
Originated from humanism and system's theory, Roy started the development of her model, by presenting its base while undergoing her master's degree course. At the beginning of the 70's, she published articles in which she showed the bases of her model for nursing practice. In 1976, she launched her first book containing the description of the basic concepts (person, environment, health and nursing goal). In addition, the publication introduced the specific concepts of her proposal (adaptation, stimuli, behavior and adaptive modes). Roy continued to improve her model by launching books in 1981, 1984, 1986, 1991 and 1999. Additionally, publications in various journals sought to contribute to the understanding and application of her model(5-16).
The concept of interest chosen was environment, considered one of the four main concepts to be defined in Nursing theory. The realm for data collection was Roy's Adaptation Model. The main works published by the author on the model were verified, including all books and the main articles published in journals. The reading and careful analysis of each of the works allowed us to capture the historical evolution of the environment concept, specifically its time and social and cultural variations.
This description of Roy's Adaptation Model was based on the second edition of the work entitled The Roy adaptation model by Roy and Andrews, the latest book published by the theorist on her model up to the moment we wrote this paper(15). As the adaptation concept has already been previously defined, we proceed to describe the other concepts presented by the authors.
Roy and Andrews state that it is not possible to observe how these sub-systems function directly. Their evaluation is indirectly made through the behaviors mentioned that are divided into four adaptive modes: physical-physiological, self-concept / group identity, role function and interdependence. In the first mode, the physiological part refers to the way the individual physically interacts with the environment through his organs and organic components. The physical mode corresponds to the way a collectivity shows its adaptation to basic operational resources (participants, physical facilities and fiscal resources). The self-concept mode is composed of beliefs and feelings that an individual has about himself at a certain moment. Group identity involves interpersonal relations, group self-image, social environment and culture. The role function model involves the roles that an individual performs in society or the actions associated with the infrastructure of a group. Interdependence focuses on interactions related to love giving and receiving, respect and value among individuals, and public and private contacts of a group(14).
Roy launched a more concise definition, similar to that of 1971, in her first book published in 1976. This definition says that man interacts with a constantly changing environment and, to cope with his changing, he has certain innate and acquired mechanisms. We notice in Roy's writings that the concept environment was minimally addressed, to the detriment of other concepts. There was greater concern in defining the application of the model through the adaptive models, rather than showing the theory's major concepts in a more consistent way(7).
The publication in 1980, however, refers to a summarized chapter on the adaptation model and consequently does not detail its concepts. In the book on the model published in 1981, on the other hand, Roy presents a more developed definition and includes the environment concept among its greater concepts. In that work, the author asserts that, by environment we mean simply what the dictionary says, that is, all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms(9). Roy also says that further clarification of environment as distinct from internal stimuli awaits additional theoretical work in her conceptual framework.
In the earlier work, Roy defines the environment as an internal world and surrounding man as an adaptive system. In a clearer way, the concept mentioned is shown just like in the 1991 edition of the book, with special consideration of person and earth resources. The author completes her idea by saying that: "an evolving universe is the description of the environment as a biophysical community of beings with complex patterns of interaction, feedback, growth, and the decline, constituting periodic and long term rhythms"(15).
The crucial points addressed in this analysis were: the Roy adaptation model has been gradually evolving, accompanying the trends of the profession; the constant observation of professional practice has been important in the revision of the concepts the model defends; the systemic basis suggested by Roy needs a revision since, in some moments, her post-modern ideas seem not to associate appropriately with Helson's ideas; it is necessary to keep a constant revision of the model and of its application as well, especially for the new conceptual changes incorporated by the author in the late years. 2ff7e9595c
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